Background:
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Settled by Norwegian and Celtic (Scottish and Irish) immigrants during the late 9th and 10th centuries A.D., Iceland boasts the world's oldest functioning legislative assembly, the Althing, established in 930. Independent for over 300 years, Iceland was subsequently ruled by Norway and Denmark. Fallout from the Askja volcano of 1875 devastated the Icelandic economy and caused widespread famine. Over the next quarter century, 20% of the island's population emigrated, mostly to Canada and the US. Limited home rule from Denmark was granted in 1874 and complete independence attained in 1944. The second half of the 20th century saw substantial economic growth driven primarily by the fishing industry. The economy diversified greatly after the country joined the European Economic Area in 1994, but Iceland was especially hard hit by the global financial crisis in the years following 2008. Literacy, longevity, and social cohesion are first rate by world standards.
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Location:
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Northern Europe, island between the Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of the United Kingdom
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Geographic coordinates:
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65 00 N, 18 00 W
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 103,000 sq km
country comparison to the world: 107
land:
100,250 sq km
water:
2,750 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Kentucky
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Land boundaries:
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0 km
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Coastline:
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4,970 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone:
200 nm
continental shelf:
200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
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Climate:
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Current Weather
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers
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Terrain:
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mostly plateau interspersed with mountain peaks, icefields; coast deeply indented by bays and fiords
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point:
Hvannadalshnukur 2,110 m (at Vatnajokull glacier)
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Natural resources:
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fish, hydropower, geothermal power, diatomite
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Land use:
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arable land: 0.07%
permanent crops:
0%
other:
99.93% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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NA
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Total renewable water resources:
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170 cu km (2005)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 0.17 cu km/yr (34%/66%/0%)
per capita:
567 cu m/yr (2003)
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Natural hazards:
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earthquakes and volcanic activity
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Environment - current issues:
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water pollution from fertilizer runoff; inadequate wastewater treatment
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Transboundary Air Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified:
Environmental Modification, Marine Life Conservation
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Geography - note:
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strategic location between Greenland and Europe; westernmost European country; Reykjavik is the northernmost national capital in the world; more land covered by glaciers than in all of continental Europe
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Population:
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308,910 (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 20.5% (male 32,092/female 31,180)
15-64 years:
67.1% (male 104,904/female 102,405)
65 years and over:
12.4% (male 17,435/female 20,894) (2010 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 35.4 years
male:
34.9 years
female:
35.8 years (2010 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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0.699% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
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Birth rate:
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13.36 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
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Death rate:
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6.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
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Net migration rate:
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0.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
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Urbanization:
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urban population: 92% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization:
0.8% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.83 male(s)/female
total population:
1 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 3.21 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 217
male:
3.36 deaths/1,000 live births
female:
3.07 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 80.79 years
country comparison to the world: 14
male:
78.63 years
female:
83.04 years (2010 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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1.9 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.2% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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220 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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fewer than 100 (2003 est.)
country comparison to the world: 143
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Nationality:
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noun: Icelander(s)
adjective:
Icelandic
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Ethnic groups:
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homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%, population of foreign origin 6%
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Religions:
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Lutheran Church of Iceland 80.7%, Roman Catholic Church 2.5%, Reykjavik Free Church 2.4%, Hafnarfjorour Free Church 1.6%, other religions 3.6%, unaffiliated 3%, other or unspecified 6.2% (2006 est.)
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Languages:
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Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population:
99%
male:
99%
female:
99% (2003 est.)
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School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
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total: 18 years
male:
17 years
female:
19 years (2006)
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Education expenditures:
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7.6% of GDP (2004)
country comparison to the world: 16
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Iceland
conventional short form:
Iceland
local long form:
Lydveldid Island
local short form:
Island
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Government type:
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constitutional republic
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Capital:
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name: Reykjavik
geographic coordinates:
64 09 N, 21 57 W
time difference:
UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
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Administrative divisions:
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8 regions; Austurland, Hofudhborgarsvaedhi, Nordhurland Eystra, Nordhurland Vestra, Sudhurland, Sudhurnes, Vestfirdhir, Vesturland
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Independence:
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1 December 1918 (became a sovereign state under the Danish Crown); 17 June 1944 (from Denmark)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 17 June (1944)
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Constitution:
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16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
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Legal system:
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civil law system based on Danish law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1 August 1996)
head of government:
Prime Minister Johanna SIGURDARDOTTIR (since 1 February 2009);
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the prime minister
(For more information visit the World Leaders website  )
elections:
president, a largely ceremonial post, elected by popular vote for a four-year term (no term limits); election last held on 28 June 2004 (next to be held in June 2012); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition usually the prime minister
note:
the presidential election of 28 June 2008 was not held because Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON had no challengers; he was sworn in on 1 August 2008
2004 election results:
Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president; percent of vote - Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON 85.6%, Baldur AGUSTSSON 12.5%, Astthor MAGNUSSON 1.9%;
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Parliament or Althing (63 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections:
last held on 25 April 2009 (next to be held in 2013)
election results:
percent of vote by party - Social Democratic Alliance 29.8%, Independence Party 23.7%, Left-Green Movement 21.7%, Progressive Party 14.8%, Citizens' Movement 7.2%, other 2.8%; seats by party - Social Democratic Alliance 20, Independence Party 16, Left-Green Alliance 14, Progressive Party 9, Citizens' Movement 4
note:
the Citizens' Movement disintegrated in September 2009; three of its former MPs are now represented under the banner of The Movement and the fourth former MP is an independent
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Haestirettur (justices are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice); eight district courts (justices are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Independence Party or IP [Bjarni BENEDIKTSSON, Jr.]; Left-Green Movement or LGM [Steingrimur SIGFUSSON]; Progressive Party or PP [Sigmundur David GUNNLAUGSSON]; Social Democratic Alliance or SDA [Johanna SIGURDARDOTTIR]; The Movement [Birgitta JONSDOTTIR]
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International organization participation:
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Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Hjalmar W. HANNESSON
chancery:
House of Sweden, 2900 K Street NW #509, Washington, DC 20007
telephone:
[1] (202) 265-6653
FAX:
[1] (202) 265-6656
consulate(s) general:
New York
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Samuel WATSON
embassy:
Laufasvegur 21, 101 Reykjavik
mailing address:
US Department of State, 5640 Reykjavik Place, Washington, D.C. 20521-5640
telephone:
[354] 562-9100
FAX:
[354] 562-9118
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Flag description:
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blue with a red cross outlined in white extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors represent three of the elements that make up the island: red is for the island's volcanic fires, white recalls the snow and ice fields of the island, and blue is for the surrounding ocean
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Economy - overview:
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Iceland's Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system. Prior to the 2008 crisis, Iceland had achieved high growth, low unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income. The economy depends heavily on the fishing industry, which provides 40% of export earnings, more than 12% of GDP, and employs 7% of the work force. It remains sensitive to declining fish stocks as well as to fluctuations in world prices for its main exports: fish and fish products, aluminum, and ferrosilicon. Iceland's economy has been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, new developments in software production, biotechnology, and tourism. Abundant geothermal and hydropower sources have attracted substantial foreign investment in the aluminum sector and boosted economic growth, although the financial crisis has put several investment projects on hold. Much of Iceland's economic growth in recent years came as the result of a boom in domestic demand following the rapid expansion of the country's financial sector. Domestic banks expanded aggressively in foreign markets, and consumers and businesses borrowed heavily in foreign currencies, following the privatization of the banking sector in the early 2000s. Worsening global financial conditions throughout 2008 resulted in a sharp depreciation of the krona vis-a-vis other major currencies. The foreign exposure of Icelandic banks, whose loans and other assets totaled more than 10 times the country's GDP, became unsustainable. Iceland's three largest banks collapsed in late 2008. The country secured over $10 billion in loans from the IMF and other countries to stabilize its currency and financial sector, and to back government guarantees for foreign deposits in Icelandic banks. GDP fell 6.6% in 2009, and unemployment peaked at 9.4% in February 2009. GDP growth is expected to be near zero in 2010. Since the collapse of Iceland's financial sector, government economic priorities have included stabilizing the krona, reducing Iceland's high budget deficit, containing inflation, restructuring the financial sector, and diversifying the economy. Three new banks were established to take over the domestic assets of the collapsed banks. Two of them have foreign majority ownership, while the State holds a majority of the shares of the third. British and Dutch authorities have pressed claims against Icelandic Landsbanki to compensate their citizens for losses suffered on deposits held in that bank. The collapse of the financial system initially led to a major shift in opinion in favor of joining the EU and adopting the euro, although support has dropped substantially because of concern about losing control of their fishing resources and in reaction to measures taken by EU partners following the financial crisis.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$12.15 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 142
$13.01 billion (2008 est.)
$12.84 billion (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$11.92 billion (2009 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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-6.6% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 198
1.3% (2008 est.)
5.6% (2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$39,600 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
$42,700 (2008 est.)
$42,500 (2007 est.)
note:
data are in 2009 US dollars
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 5.2%
industry:
24%
services:
70.8% (2009 est.)
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Labor force:
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180,900 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 4.8%
industry:
22.2%
services:
73% (2008)
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Unemployment rate:
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8.2% (December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
4.8% (December 2008 est.)
note:
this figure climbed to 9.4% as of February 2009
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Population below poverty line:
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NA%
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%:
NA%
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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28 (2006)
country comparison to the world: 123
25 (2005)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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14.1% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 139
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Budget:
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revenues: $4.844 billion
expenditures:
$6.729 billion (2009 est.)
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Public debt:
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107.6% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
55.9% of GDP (2008 est.)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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12% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 203
12.7% (2008 est.)
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Central bank discount rate:
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11.5% (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 6
22% (31 December 2008)
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Commercial bank prime lending rate:
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NA% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 17
19.29% (31 December 2007)
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Stock of money:
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$4.83 billion (30 September 2009)
country comparison to the world: 69
$4.71 billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of quasi money:
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$3.44 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 94
$3.55 billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of domestic credit:
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$NA (31 December 2008)
$49.67 billion (31 December 2006)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$1.67 billion (31 December 2009)
country comparison to the world: 77
$5.557 billion (31 December 2008)
$40.56 billion (31 December 2007)
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Agriculture - products:
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potatoes, green vegetables; mutton, chicken, pork, beef, dairy products; fish
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Industries:
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fish processing; aluminum smelting, ferrosilicon production; geothermal power, hydropower, tourism
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Industrial production growth rate:
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-10% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
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Electricity - production:
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16.84 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
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Electricity - consumption:
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16.48 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2008 est.)
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 173
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Oil - consumption:
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18,900 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
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Oil - exports:
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2,975 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
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Oil - imports:
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17,510 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 117
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Oil - proved reserves:
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0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 169
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Natural gas - production:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
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Natural gas - consumption:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 144
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 175
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
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Current account balance:
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-$409 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 109
-$3.572 billion (2008 est.)
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Exports:
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$4.02 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 110
$5.399 billion (2008 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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fish and fish products 40%, aluminum, animal products, ferrosilicon, diatomite
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Exports - partners:
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Netherlands 30.71%, UK 12.73%, Germany 11.21%, Norway 5.75%, Spain 4.82% (2009)
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Imports:
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$3.311 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 133
$5.699 billion (2008 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles
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Imports - partners:
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Norway 12.97%, Netherlands 8.62%, Germany 8.3%, Sweden 8.03%, Denmark 7.27%, US 6.94%, China 4.98%, UK 4.55%, Brazil 4.09% (2009)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$3.883 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
$3.57 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
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Debt - external:
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$3.073 billion (2002)
country comparison to the world: 120
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$NA
$9.2 billion (31 December 2008)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$NA
$8.8 billion (31 December 2008)
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Exchange rates:
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Icelandic kronur (ISK) per US dollar - 128.417 (2009), 85.619 (2008), 63.391 (2007), 70.195 (2006), 62.982 (2005)
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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187,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 125
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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342,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 166
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: telecommunications infrastructure is modern and fully digitized, with satellite-earth stations, fiber-optic cables, and an extensive broadband network
domestic:
liberalization of the telecommunications sector beginning in the late 1990s has led to increased competition especially in the mobile services segment of the market
international:
country code - 354; the CANTAT-3 and FARICE-1 submarine cable systems provide connectivity to Canada, the Faroe Islands, UK, Denmark, and Germany; a planned new section of the Hibernia-Atlantic submarine cable will provide additional connectivity to Canada, US, and Ireland; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 3, FM about 70, shortwave 1 (2008)
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Television broadcast stations:
|
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14 (plus 156 repeaters) (1997)
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Internet country code:
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.is
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Internet hosts:
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272,201 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 59
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Internet users:
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250,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 131
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Airports:
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99 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 62
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 6
over 3,047 m:
1
1,524 to 2,437 m:
3
914 to 1,523 m:
2 (2009)
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 93
1,524 to 2,437 m:
3
914 to 1,523 m:
27
under 914 m:
63 (2009)
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Roadways:
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total: 12,869 km
country comparison to the world: 127
paved/oiled gravel:
4,438 km (does not include urban roads)
unpaved:
8,431 km (2009)
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Merchant marine:
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total: 2
country comparison to the world: 146
by type:
passenger/cargo 2
registered in other countries:
37 (Antigua and Barbuda 12, Bahamas 1, Belize 2, Denmark 2, Faroe Islands 1, Gibraltar 1, Malta 5, Marshall Islands 3, Norway 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7) (2008)
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Ports and terminals:
|
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Grundartangi, Hafnarfjordur, Reykjavik
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Military branches:
|
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no regular military forces; Icelandic National Police (2008)
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 75,259 (2010 est.)
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Manpower fit for military service:
|
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males age 16-49: 62,705
females age 16-49:
61,392 (2010 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
|
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male: 2,318
female:
2,263 (2010 est.)
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Military expenditures:
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0% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 174
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Military - note:
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Iceland has no standing military force; under a 1951 bilateral agreement - still valid - its defense was provided by the US-manned Icelandic Defense Force (IDF) headquartered at Keflavik; however, all US military forces in Iceland were withdrawn as of October 2006; although wartime defense of Iceland remains a NATO commitment, in April 2007, Iceland and Norway signed a bilateral agreement providing for Norwegian aerial surveillance and defense of Icelandic airspace (2008)
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| Transnational Issues ::Iceland |
Disputes - international:
|
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Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
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