Africa :: Lesotho
page last updated on August 3, 2010
Flag of Lesotho
 
Map of Lesotho
Introduction ::Lesotho
Background:
Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence from the UK in 1966. The Basuto National Party ruled for the first two decades. King MOSHOESHOE was exiled in 1990, but returned to Lesotho in 1992 and was reinstated in 1995. Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after seven years of military rule. In 1998, violent protests and a military mutiny following a contentious election prompted a brief but bloody intervention by South African and Botswana military forces under the aegis of the Southern African Development Community. Subsequent constitutional reforms restored relative political stability. Peaceful parliamentary elections were held in 2002, but the National Assembly elections of February 2007 were hotly contested and aggrieved parties continue to dispute how the electoral law was applied to award proportional seats in the Assembly.
Geography ::Lesotho
Location:
Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa
Geographic coordinates:
29 30 S, 28 30 E
Map references:
Africa
Area:
total: 30,355 sq km
country comparison to the world: 141
land: 30,355 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Maryland
Land boundaries:
total: 909 km
border countries: South Africa 909 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)
Climate:
Current Weather
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Terrain:
mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers 1,400 m
highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m
Natural resources:
water, agricultural and grazing land, diamonds, sand, clay, building stone
Land use:
arable land: 10.87%
permanent crops: 0.13%
other: 89% (2005)
Irrigated land:
30 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
5.2 cu km (1987)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 0.05 cu km/yr (40%/40%/20%)
per capita: 28 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
periodic droughts
Environment - current issues:
population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion; desertification; Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South Africa
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
landlocked, completely surrounded by South Africa; mountainous, more than 80% of the country is 1,800 m above sea level
People ::Lesotho
Population:
1,919,552
country comparison to the world: 146
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2010 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 33.7% (male 324,781/female 322,768)
15-64 years: 60.9% (male 570,318/female 598,964)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 50,400/female 52,321) (2010 est.)
Median age:
total: 22.6 years
male: 22.6 years
female: 22.7 years (2010 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.277% (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
Birth rate:
27.17 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Death rate:
15.71 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
Net migration rate:
-8.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
Urbanization:
urban population: 25% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 3.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 56.42 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 41
male: 60.78 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 51.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 50.67 years
country comparison to the world: 212
male: 50.58 years
female: 50.76 years (2010 est.)
Total fertility rate:
3 children born/woman (2010 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
23.2% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 3
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
270,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
18,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 24
Nationality:
noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
adjective: Basotho
Ethnic groups:
Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,
Religions:
Christian 80%, indigenous beliefs 20%
Languages:
Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 84.8%
male: 74.5%
female: 94.5% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 10 years
male: 10 years
female: 10 years (2006)
Education expenditures:
13% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 2
Government ::Lesotho
Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho
conventional short form: Lesotho
local long form: Kingdom of Lesotho
local short form: Lesotho
former: Basutoland
Government type:
parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Capital:
name: Maseru
geographic coordinates: 29 19 S, 27 29 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohale's Hoek, Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka
Independence:
4 October 1966 (from the UK)
National holiday:
Independence Day, 4 October (1966)
Constitution:
2 April 1993
Legal system:
based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996); note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne from November 1990 to February 1995 while his father was in exile
head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May 1998)
cabinet: Cabinet
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elections: according to the constitution, the leader of the majority party in the Assembly automatically becomes prime minister; the monarchy is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution that came into effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is a "living symbol of national unity" with no executive or legislative powers; under traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to depose the monarch, determine who is next in the line of succession, or who shall serve as regent in the event that the successor is not of mature age
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (33 members - 22 principal chiefs and 11 other members appointed by the ruling party) and the Assembly (120 seats, 80 by popular vote and 40 by proportional vote; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held on 17 February 2007 (next to be held in 2012)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - LCD 61, NIP 21, ABC 17, LWP 10, ACP 4, BNP 3, other 4
Judicial branch:
High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch acting on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal; Magistrate Courts; customary or traditional court
Political parties and leaders:
Alliance of Congress Parties or ACP (including the Lesotho People's Congress or LCP [Kelebone MAOPE], the Basotholand African Congress or BAC [Khauhelo RALITAPOLE], and a faction of the Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Ntsukunyane MPHANYA]); All Basotho Convention or ABC [Thomas THABANE]; Basotho Batho Democratic Party or BBDP; Basotho Congress Party or BCP; Basotho Democratic National Party or BDNP [Thabang NYEOE]; Basotho National Party or BNP [Maj. Gen. Justin Metsing LEKHANYA]; Basotholand African National Congress or BANC; Christian Democratic Party or CDP [Enerst RAMOKOENA]; Lesotho Congress for Democracy or LCD [Pakalitha MOSISILI] (the governing party); Lesotho Workers Party or LWP [Macaefa BILLY]; National Independent Party or NIP [Anthony MANYELI]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Media Institute of Southern Africa, Lesotho chapter [Thabang MATJAMA] (pushes for media freedom)
International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, C, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO (subscriber), ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador David Mohlomi RANTEKOA
chancery: 2511 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533 through 5536
FAX: [1] (202) 234-6815
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Robert NOLAN
embassy: 254 Kingsway, Maseru West (Consular Section)
mailing address: P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho
telephone: [266] 22 312666
FAX: [266] 22 310116
Flag description:
three horizontal stripes of blue (top), white, and green in the proportions of 3:4:3; the colors represent rain, peace, and prosperity respectively; centered in the white stripe is a black Basotho hat representing the indigenous people; the flag was unfurled in October 2006 to celebrate 40 years of independence
Economy ::Lesotho
Economy - overview:
Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho relies on remittances from miners employed in South Africa and customs duties from the Southern Africa Customs Union for the majority of government revenue. However, the government has recently strengthened its tax system to reduce dependency on customs duties. Completion of a major hydropower facility in January 1998 permitted the sale of water to South Africa and generated royalties for Lesotho. Lesotho produces about 90% of its own electrical power needs. As the number of mineworkers has declined steadily over the past several years, a small manufacturing base has developed based on farm products that support the milling, canning, leather, and jute industries, as well as a rapidly expanding apparel-assembly sector. Despite Lesotho's market-based economy being heavily tied to its neighbor South Africa, the US is an important trade partner because of the export sector's heavy dependence on apparel exports. Exports have grown significantly because of the trade benefits contained in the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act. The economy is still primarily based on subsistence agriculture, especially livestock, although drought has decreased agricultural activity. The extreme inequality in the distribution of income remains a major drawback. Lesotho has signed an Interim Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility with the IMF. In July 2007, Lesotho signed a Millennium Challenge Account Compact with the US worth $362.5 million. Economic growth plunged in 2009, due mainly to the effects of the global economic crisis. Lesotho's budget relies heavily on customs receipts from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$3.273 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 170
$3.34 billion (2008 est.)
$3.127 billion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$1.643 billion (2009 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
-2% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
6.8% (2008 est.)
4.8% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$1,700 (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 192
$1,700 (2008 est.)
$1,600 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 7.1%
industry: 34.7%
services: 58.1% (2009 est.)
Labor force:
854,600 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 146
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 86% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 35% of the active male wage earners work in South Africa
industry and services: 14% (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate:
45% (2002)
country comparison to the world: 189
Population below poverty line:
49% (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 39.4% (2003)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
63.2 (1995)
country comparison to the world: 3
56 (1986-87)
Investment (gross fixed):
24.4% of GDP (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 49
Budget:
revenues: $1.107 billion
expenditures: $1.188 billion (2009 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
7.2% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 172
10.7% (2008 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
14.05% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 20
12.82% (31 December 2007)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
16.19% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 54
14.13% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$416.5 million (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 134
$439.2 million (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$108.1 million (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 154
$160.2 million (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$NA
Agriculture - products:
corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley; livestock
Industries:
food, beverages, textiles, apparel assembly, handicrafts, construction, tourism
Industrial production growth rate:
1.5% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 62
Electricity - production:
502 million kWh
country comparison to the world: 159
note: electricity supplied by South Africa (2007 est.)
Electricity - consumption:
516.9 million kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 161
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
50 million kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 155
Oil - consumption:
2,000 bbl/day (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 188
Oil - exports:
0 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 187
Oil - imports:
1,553 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 181
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 160
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 166
Natural gas - consumption:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 120
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 153
Current account balance:
$168 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 52
$244.2 million (2008 est.)
Exports:
$821 million (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
$882.4 million (2008 est.)
Exports - commodities:
manufactures 75% (clothing, footwear, road vehicles), wool and mohair, food and live animals
Imports:
$1.594 billion (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
$1.618 billion (2008 est.)
Imports - commodities:
food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum products
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$1.001 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 129
$982 million (31 December 2008 est.)
Debt - external:
$581 million (31 December 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 157
$619 million (31 December 2008 est.)
Exchange rates:
maloti (LSL) per US dollar - 9.8 (2009), 7.75 (2008), 7.25 (2007), 6.85 (2006), 6.3593 (2005)
Communications ::Lesotho
Telephones - main lines in use:
65,200 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 156
Telephones - mobile cellular:
581,000 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 153
Telephone system:
general assessment: rudimentary system consisting of a modest but growing number of landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a small radiotelephone communication system; mobile-cellular telephone system is expanding
domestic: privatized in 2001, Telecom Lesotho was tasked with providing an additional 50,000 fixed-line connections within five years, a target not met; mobile-cellular service dominates the market and is expanding with a subscribership exceeding 25 per 100 persons in 2008; rural services are scant
international: country code - 266; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2008)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 1, FM 3, shortwave 1 (2007)
Television broadcast stations:
1 (2007)
Internet country code:
.ls
Internet hosts:
127 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 197
Internet users:
73,300 (2008)
country comparison to the world: 163
Transportation ::Lesotho
Airports:
26 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 127
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 3
over 3,047 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 23
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 18 (2009)
Roadways:
total: 7,091 km
country comparison to the world: 146
paved: 1,404 km
unpaved: 5,687 km (2003)
Military ::Lesotho
Military branches:
Lesotho Defense Force (LDF): Army (includes Air Wing) (2010)
Military service age and obligation:
18-24 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; women serve as commissioned officers (2009)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 469,509
females age 16-49: 505,707 (2010 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 267,825
females age 16-49: 273,348 (2010 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 19,435
female: 20,400 (2010 est.)
Military expenditures:
2.6% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 56
Military - note:
Lesotho's declared policy is maintenance of its independent sovereignty and preservation of internal security; in practice, external security is guaranteed by South Africa; restructuring of the Lesotho Defense Force (LDF) and Ministry of Defense and Public Service over the past five years has focused on subordinating the defense apparatus to civilian control and restoring the LDF's cohesion; the restructuring has considerably improved capabilities and professionalism, but the LDF is disproportionately large for a small, poor country; the government has outlined a reduction to a planned 1,500-man strength, but these plans have met with vociferous resistance from the political opposition and from inside the LDF (2008)
Transnational Issues ::Lesotho
Disputes - international:
none

Source: The World Factbook (CIA)